[[PART 5]]
Subject: In remembrance of my Mother 'Barbara Frederick Singeltary
Poulter' DOD 12-14-97 hvCJD
(more on U.S. GBR July 2000, an 'extremely unstable
situation')
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2000 12:12:05 -0800
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@wt.net>
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de>
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE>
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Greetings List Members,
don't mean to sound like a broken record, but thought
I would like to pass this through the list...
kind regards,
Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA
Report on the assessment of the Geographical SSE-risk of the USA
July 2000
2.2 Ability to avoid recycling of BSE-infectivity
should it enter
processing
2.21 Factors 3 and 4: Domestic MBM production and use
2.211 Domestic production of MBM
· The domestic MBM production averages
3 Million metric tons per
year.
· Almost 60% of the MBM produced originate
from ruminants (cattle
59%,
sheep 0.6%), 20% from pigs and 20% from poultry.
2.212 Description and history of feed bans and their compliance
· A mammalian MBM to ruminants-ban approved
by the US feed producing
industry was put in place in August 1997. Exemptions from the ban were
granted for porcine and equine protein (MBM) coming from designated
(single species) rendering plants.
· According to information provided by
the feed producers, the
compliance is assumed to be good (>70% to -<90%) since 1998, and
average
(>30%, -<70%) before.
- 37 -
Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA
July
2000
2.213 Use of MBM (before and after feed ban)
· Until 1997 ruminant MBM was allowed
to be fed and commonly fed to
cattle of different age and type. Prior to the feed ban, only 10% of
all
MBM was estimated to be fed to cattle.
· Since 1997 the ruminant derived fraction
of animal protein in
cattle
feed is replaced by other protein sources, including porcine, equine
and
poultry derived MBM
This assessment is based on the following information that was provided:
- Beef calves (0-1 year) do not receive concentrates since they are
commonly kept with the mothers. Feeding them MBM is not regarded to
be
good for their health.
- All beef cattle destined for fattening will receive concentrates
throughout the 12 months period for fattening (age 1-2 years).
- About 50% of the beef(breeding) animals (2+ years) and of the dairy
heifers (1-2 years) will receive concentrates (depending of location
and
climate).
- All dairy calves (0-1 year) will receive calf starter feed and
concentrates.
- All adult dairy cows (older than 2 years) will receive concentrates
(about 2,400 kg/animal/year in 89).
- Approx. 6% of the compound feed mix is animal protein; approx. 50%
of
the animal protein is meat and bone meal; approx. 60% of the annually
produced MBM is of ruminant origin.
- Until August of 1997 a standard compound feed mix therefore contained
1.5% or more ruminant MBM while calf starter did contain bovine meat
meal, blood meal and serum but no MBM.
- After October 1997, the ruminant proportion of the protein in feed
designated for ruminants was replaced by other protein sources including
MBM of porcine, equine and poultry origin.
- Local composition of the protein component within compound feed was
consumer and market (price) driven.
- Market prices for plant protein (50% soybean mix) and MBM did not
differ significantly over an extended period of time.
- In 1988, the total amount of concentrates fed to US livestock and
poultry was 182.9 million tons. MBM comprised only 1.3-1.9% of this
total, amounting to approximately 3 million. The majority of MBM -
i.e.,
grather than 70% - is used in either petfood or poultry feed and, about
15% (i.e. 450.000) went into cattle feed.
2.22 Factor 5: SRM-ban and treatment of SRM
2.221 Description and history of SRM bans
* There is "NO" SRM-ban in place in the USA
2.222 Fate of SRMs
· SRMs are rendered together with other slaughter offal and
fallen
stock.
2.23 Factor 7: Rendering and feed production
2.231 Raw material used for rendering
· Slaughter offal from different farm
animals, including SRM, is the
raw
material for most rendering plants that are associated with
slaughterhouses.
· Some of these plants process material from one species only.
- 38 -
Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA
July
2000
. Other rendering plants are independent establishments
that collect
fallen stock from farms.
2.232 Rendering processes
Four major rendering systems are used in the approx. 280 rendering
plants in the USA. All systems operate under atmospheric pressure with
temperatures ranging between 100 and 150 °C and different heating
times:
- Batch cooker plants (46): 115-125 C°, 30-240 min.
- Continuous tube and disc cooker systems (220): 131-150 °C.,
45-90 min.
- Continuous multi-stage evaporator systems (10): 115-125 °C.,
20-40 min.
- Continuous preheat/press/evaporator systems (4): 87-120 °C., 240-270
min.
2.233 Capacity of the rendering system to reduce any potential
BSE-infectivity of the raw material
The rendering system in the USA is apparently not and was not able to
significantly reduce BSE infectivity. Should BSE-contaminated material
have entered rendering the produced MBM could have carried, and would
still carry most of the incoming infectivity.
2.24 Cross-contamination
2.241 Possible types of cross contamination.
· Cross-contamination of raw-material
with potentially infected
material
is possible in all cases where ruminant material is rendered together
with material from other species (approx. 50% of all plants). This
is
particular significant as SRM will be included.
· Cross-contamination in feed mills is
possible as many mills
produce
compound feeds for different species. FDA regulations provide for either
the use of separate lines in the production of ruminant feed or specify
detailed clean-out procedures to be used between production batches.
Ruminant MBM is allowed to be included in pig and poultry feed and
non-ruminant MBM (e.g. porcine and equine MBM from specialised plants)
is still allowed in ruminant feed. Cross-contamination at the feed
mills
can not be completely excluded, and the level can not be estimated
since
testing to differentiate between runfinant and other mammalian MBM
is
not currently being done.
· Cross-contamination during transport
or on-farm is assumed to be
possible.
2.242 Measures undertaken to control cross-contamination
· Multi-component inspection services
for rendering plants and feed
mills are in place all over the country.
2.243 Assessment of the potential level of cross-contamination
Cross-contamination of cattle feed with RMBM can not be excluded. Hence,
as reasonable worst case scenario, it has to be assumed that cattle,
in
particular dairy cattle, can still be exposed to RMBM and hence to
BSE-infectivity, should it enter the feed chain.
2.25 Overall appreciation of the ability to avoid
recycling
BSE-infectivity, should it enter processing
· Before 1997 the US rendering and feed
producing system would not
have
been able to avoid recycling of the BSE agent to any measurable extent.
If the BSE-agent was introduced the feed chain, it could probably have
reached cattle.
- 39 -
Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA
July
2000
· After the introduction of the RMBM-to-ruminants-ban
in August 1997
the
ability of the system to avoid recycling of BSE-infectivity was somewhat
increased. It is still rather low due to the rendering system of
ruminant material (including SRM and fallen stock) and the persisting
potential for cross-contamination of cattle feed with other feeds and
hence RMBM.
2.3 Overall assessment of the stability
· Until 1990 the US BSE/cattle system
was extremely unstable as RMBM
was
commonly fed to cattle, the rendering system was not able to reduce
BSE
infectivity and SRM were rendered. This means that incoming BSE
infectivity would have been most probably recycled to cattle and
amplified and the disease propagated.
· Between 1990 and 1995 the improvements
in the BSE surveillance and
the
efforts to trace back and remove imported cattle from processing
gradually improved the stability but the system remained very unstable.
· In 1997 the system became unstable
when an RMBM-ban was
introduced. In
1998 the ban was fully implemented and,assuming that the ban functions
as good as expected, the system became neutrally stable. The US system
is therefore seen to neither be able to amplify nor to reduce
circulating or incoming BSE-infectivity.
snip...
3.2 Internal challenge resultinq from domestic infected animals
3.21 Interaction of external challenges and stability
. In the 80s an extremely unstable
system was exposed to a
moderate
challenge resulting from cattle imports mainly from the UK.
· If this external challenge lead to
BSE-infectivity entering the
feed
chain in the USA, domestic cattle would have been exposed to it and
the
incoming BSE-infectivity would have been amplified and the disease
propagated. Domestic cases would appear about one incubation period
after the infected import-cattle were slaughtered and infected MBM
would
have entered the feed chain and could have reached domestic cattle.
· Cattle imported from the UK in 1988/89
carried the highest risk of
being infected with BSE. Some of these could have entered the feed
chain
prior 1990, while being infected. The highest
probability for
domestic
cases resulting directly from this challenge to appear as clinical
BSE-cases would therefore be between 1995 (90+5) and,
as "second generation" 2000 (95+5).
. Between 1990 and 1995, with the
exclusion of the imported
animals from Europe from the feed chain, the impact of the xternal
challenge was largely mastered. The external challenge is therfore
considered low after 1990.
. Given the relative small number
of potentially infected cattle
that were rendered and the negligible size of the potential MBM import,
the total number of domestic cases is likely to remain small.
. However, even the small number
of theoretically possible
domestic cases would since 1993 expose the (very) unstable (prior
to 1998) or neutrally stable (since 1998) system to an internal
challenge and circulating BSE-infectivity would have been amplified
until 1998. RECYCLING IS STILL POSSIBLE..........
this is what you call 'extremely unstable', please read below...
Moms death from hvCJD
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/lyman/messages/7252.html
http://www.fortunecity.com/healthclub/cpr/798/terry.htm
'MOMS AUTOPSY REPORT'
http://www.vegsource.com/talk/lyman/messages/7548.html
CJD/BSE aka madcow disease in the U.S., please let me count the Ways$$$
http://www.whale.to/v/cjd2.html
TSS
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this message will self destruct in 10 seconds ;-)
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.,
P.O. Box 42,
Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
281-559-2671
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